729 INDEX A Figures (photographs and illustrations) and tables are denoted by the page number in italics followed by f or t respectively. A AAPM (American Association of Physicists in Medicine), 358 ablative thrust chambers, 585–589, 585–590f ABS 2, 524 absolute densities in CT, 355 absorbed dose (rad), 99, 102 absorbed edge densitometry, nuclear radiography for, 570 absorbents in nuclear waste drums, 315–316, 316f absorption efficiency (quantum efficiency) of scintillator, 291–293, 293f absorption efficiency, CR designs for, 267 absorption events, 220 absorption in neutrons, 50 absorption of radiation by target material, 44 accelerator sources, 60–65 background, 60 betatrons, 61–62, 61f electron linear accelerators, 62–65, 62–65f in neutron radiography, 129, 400–401, 401f, 401t acceptance/rejection criteria, 498, 558 ACCP (ASNT Central Certification Program), 27 ACCP-CP-1, 28 acetic acid as activator, 227 achievable contrast sensitivity (CSa), 296 acoustic emission testing, 14–15, 15f acoustic methods, 15 Acropolis, Greece, gamma radiography for, 605 activation burn-up of stable target isotopes, 72 activators, 227 activity limits for transportation, 74 acuity test target (optotype), 244–245, 244f, 245t adaptation (eye to light), 181–182 additive manufactured (AM) parts, 339, 369, 414, 414f adhesively bonded honeycomb structures, 592 adioscopic system image intensifier system, 543 Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (Van Eyck), 612 advanced analysis tools in CT, 386–388, 386–388f advanced materials techniques in aerospace industry, 592 advanced transforms for multiscale, multiresolution analysis, 196–197, 197f aerospace applications advanced materials techniques in aerospace industry, 592 aerospace materials, linear attenuation coefficients for, 145, 145f aircraft corrosion, moisture, and foreign object debris, 435–438, 435–437f, 438t boron fiber composite patch applied to aircraft skin, 433, 433f californium 252 as neutron source for, 402 commuter aircraft recommissioning, 435 corrosion and metal loss, 435–436, 436–437f, 438t DICONDE compliance, 262 flash radiography in, 470 flying spot technique for, 432 foreign object debris (FOD) detection, 435, 436f high aspect-ratio parts, 375–376 neutron radiography in, 391, 412, 412f resolution in DDAs, 299 slag buildup in rocket motors, 310 small pore measurements, 300 X-ray system voltage ripples, 270 See also radiographic testing in the aerospace industry AFRL-RXWP-TR-2009-4069, 272 aging and vision, 176 agitation, 225 agreement states (NRC), 122, 124 air bells, 248 Air Force Research Laboratory, 592, 596 air kerma rate (AKR), 73, 73t airport security, 625–628 pulsed fast neutron analysis, 628 radiological detection and identification of material, 626–628, 627f radioscopic scanners, 625, 625–626f threat recognition software, 626 ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable), 99, 100–101, 114, 120 alarming ratemeters, 111–112 alloy castings, 490–491, 491t Aloha Airlines Flight 243 pressure cabin skin departure, 4f alpha (a) case, 592 alpha (a) decay, 93 alpha (a) neutron sources, 94–95, 94t, 95f alpha (a) particles, 49 alpha (a) radiation, dose equivalent for, 102 aluminum absorption and scatter, 429, 429f attenuation coefficients, 641t case history, 574 corrosion, 435–438, 436–437f decay rate, 406 electron shells and fluorescent X-rays, 476, 476f polycrystalline aluminum, 474, 474f screen usage for, 205 X-ray fluorescence spectrum, 476, 477f aluminum chloride as hardener, 227 AM (additive manufactured). See additive manufactured (AM) parts ambient dose equivalent, 35, 100 ambient light for image viewing, 271 American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), 358 American Industrial Radium and X-ray Society, 21 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 28, 35 American Society for Materials, ASM Handbook Volume 11: Nondestructive Inspection and Quality Control, 161 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), 21–22, 124, 161 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 35, 369 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 487, 543–544 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 4, 25–26 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), 407, 407t americium 241, 49, 94 americium-beryllium source, 94, 95f amorphous silicon panels, 281, 286, 286–287f, 312, 315, 354 amplification factor, 222, 224 analog-to-digital converters, 261 analytical reconstruction techniques, 376 angular distribution of emerging X-rays, 43, 45–46, 46f angular range of scan in tomosynthesis, 379–381 anisotropic material, 474 annular-reconstruction CT, 355 anodes, 53, 56, 58–59 ANSI (American National Standards Institute), 28, 35 ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-105: Topical Outlines for Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel, 28 ANSI/HPS N43.6-2007, integrity and fitness of sources, 76 ANSI/HPS N43.9-2015, Gamma Radiography, 73, 73t INDEX