Cupping ..........................................................................85
Cooling Cracks ....................................................................85
Forged and Rolled Laps .............................................................85
Internal and External Bursts ..........................................................85
Hydrogen Flakes ...................................................................86
Welding Discontinuities ..............................................................86
Cold Cracking ..................................................................86
Hot Cracking ...................................................................86
Lamellar Tearing ................................................................86
Lack of Fusion ..................................................................86
Lack of Penetration .............................................................87
Porosity ........................................................................87
Inclusions ......................................................................87
Undercut ......................................................................87
Overlap .......................................................................88
Secondary Processing Discontinuities .....................................................88
Grinding Cracks ....................................................................88
Heat-Treating and Quench Cracks ...................................................88
Pickling Cracks .....................................................................88
Machining Tears ....................................................................88
Plating Cracks .....................................................................89
Inservice Discontinuities .................................................................89
Fatigue Cracking ...................................................................89
Creep Cracking ....................................................................89
Stress-Corrosion Cracking ............................................................90
Hydrogen Cracking .................................................................90
Lesson 13 Quiz ........................................................................91
Lesson 14: Evaluation Techniques ........................................................93
Reference Standards ..................................................................93
Empirical Rules for Using Reference Standards ..........................................93
System Evaluation .....................................................................93
System Standardization .............................................................94
Parametric Evaluations ..............................................................94
Weld Bead Crack Reference Standards ............................................94
Technique Development ............................................................94
Reference Standards for System Evaluation ............................................94
Standard Tool Steel Ring ................................................................95
Using the Ring Standard .............................................................95
Ring Standard Magnetic Fields .......................................................95
Limitations of the Ring Standard ......................................................95
Reference Standard Test Blocks ..........................................................95
Prism Test Block ....................................................................96
Split Prism Test Block ................................................................96
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