evident, opening possibilities for innova-
tive NDT/E methods with applications
in industries such as infrastructure,
aerospace, and environmental moni-
toring. Applications in hard-to-access
inspection areas, advanced processes
for detecting undetectable discontinu-
ities, data management with reduced
dimensionality and size, and increased
autonomy are just a few areas where
bioinspiration can significantly impact
NDT/E technologies.
AUTHOR
Ehsan Dehghan-Niri: Intelligent Structures
and Non-destructive Evaluation laboratory, The
School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks,
Arizona State University nde@asu.edu
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our bioinspired NDT research was supported
by the US National Science Foundation CAREER
Award under Grant No. 2320815. We would like
to extend our sincere appreciation to the Duke
Lemur Center (DLC) for their support through
the DBI-SABI award (Grant No. 2314898).
Additionally, we express our gratitude to the
dedicated research team at DLC, including
Dr. Erin Ehmke, Ms. Julie McKinney, Ms. Gabbi
Hirschkorn, and Ms. Alexis Sharp, for their
invaluable assistance in setting up this noninva-
sive behavioral study.
Although it is uncommon to acknowledge
animals in scientific publications, I would like to
take this opportunity to recognize two specific
aye-ayes from the DLC, Merlin and Medusa.
While I never had the chance to meet Merlin,
an article written by Dr. Erin Ehmke about him,
following his passing, sparked my interest in
bioinspired NDT. Merlin contributed to several
research projects at DLC, and even after his
death, his CT scan helped us better understand
the external auditory system of aye-ayes and
its impact on acoustic field measurements.
Medusa, a younger aye-aye at DLC, recently
assisted our team in collecting thermal images
of the tapping process, and we are grateful for
her contribution to our research.
CITATION
Materials Evaluation 83 (4): 28-33
https://doi.org/10.32548/2025.me-04490
©2025 American Society for Nondestructive
Testing
REFERENCES
1. Yang, Y., C. Ai, W. Chen, J. Zhen, X. Kong,
and Y. Jiang. 2023. “Recent advances in sources
of bio-inspiration and materials for robotics
and actuators.” Small Methods. https://doi.
org/10.1002/smtd.202300338.
2. Thewissen, J. G. M., and S. Nummela (eds.).
2008. Sensory evolution on the Threshold.
University of California Press.
3. Munoz, N. E., and D. T. Blumstein. January
2020. “Optimal multisensory integration.”
Behavioral Ecology 31 (1): 184–93. https://doi.
org/10.1093/beheco/arz175.
4. Mishra, S., Z. Yılmaz-Serçinoglu, ˘ H. Moradi,
D. Bhatt, C. I Kuru, and F. Ulucan-Karnak.
2023. “Recent advances in bioinspired sustain-
able sensing technologies.” Nano-Structures
&Nano-Objects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
nanoso.2023.100974.
5. Tang, W., Q. Yang, H. Xu, Y. Guo, J. Zhang, C.
Ouyang, L. Meng, and X. Liu. 2024. “Review of
bio-inspired image sensors for efficient machine
vision.” Advanced Photonics 6 (2). https://doi.
org/10.1117/1.AP.6.2.024001.
6. Zhao, Z., Q. Yang, R. Li, J. Yang, Q. Liu, B.
Zhu, C. Weng, et al. 2024. “A comprehen-
sive review on the evolution of bio-inspired
sensors from aquatic creatures.” Cell Reports
Physical Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
xcrp.2024.102064.
7. Lenk, C., K. Ved, S. Durstewitz, T. Ivanov,
M. Ziegler, and P. Hövel. 2024. “Bio-inspired,
neuromorphic acoustic sensing.” Bio-Inspired
Information Pathways: 287–315. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-031-36705-2_12.
8. del Valle, M. 2011. “Bioinspired sensor
systems.” Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/
s111110180.
9. Zhou, Y., Z. Yan, Y. Yang, Z. Wang, P. Lu, P.
Yuan, and B. He. 2024. “Bioinspired sensors
and applications in intelligent robots: a review.”
Robotic Intelligence and Automation. https://
doi.org/10.1108/RIA-07-2023-0088.
10. Liu, P., M. N. Huda, L. Sun, and H. Yu.
December 2020. “A survey on underactuated
robotic systems: Bio-inspiration, trajectory
planning and control.” Mechatronics 72:102443.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics
.2020.102443.
11. Ren, L., B. Li, G. Wei, K. Wang, Z. Song, Y.
Wei, L. Ren, and Q. Liu. 2021. “Biology and
bioinspiration of soft robotics: Actuation,
sensing, and system integration.” iScience 24 (9):
103075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103075.
12. Bergmann, J. B., D. Moatsou, U. Steiner,
and B. D. Wilts. 2022. “Bio-inspired materials
to control and minimise insect attachment.”
Bioinspiration &Biomimetics. https://doi.
org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac91b9.
13. Raibert, M., K. Blankespoor, G. Nelson, and
R. Playter. 2008. “BigDog, the rough-terrain
quadruped robot.” In Proceedings of the 17th
World Congress: 10822–10825.
14. Halder, S., K. Afsari, E. Chiou, R. Patrick,
and K. A. Hamed. April 2023. “Construction
inspection &monitoring with quadruped robots
in future human-robot teaming: A preliminary
study.” Journal of Building Engineering 65:105814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105814.
15. Lopez-Arreguin, A. J. R., and S. Montenegro.
2020. “Towards bio-inspired robots for under-
ground and surface exploration in planetary
environments: An overview and novel devel-
opments inspired in sand-swimmers,” Heliyon.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04148.
16. Sun, J. Y., Y. W. Yan, F. D. Li, and Z. J. Zhang.
December 2021. “Generative design of bioin-
spired wings based on deployable hindwings
of Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky.” Micron
(Oxford, England) 151:103150. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.micron.2021.103150.
17. Prakash, A., A. R. Nair, H. Arunav, R. P. R.,
V. M. Akhil, C. Tawk, and K. V. Shankar. 2024.
“Bioinspiration and biomimetics in marine
robotics: a review on current applications and
future trends.” Bioinspiration &Biomimetics.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad3265.
18. Youssef, S. M., M. Soliman, M. A. Saleh, M.
A. Mousa, M. Elsamanty, and A. G. Radwan.
2022. “Underwater soft robotics: a review of
bioinspiration in design, actuation, modeling,
and control.” Micromachines. https://doi.
org/10.3390/mi13010110.
19. Balakrishnan, S. 2010. “An numerical elastic
model for deforming bat pinnae.” Thesis.
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1936.8163.
20. Yin, X., P. Qiu, L. Yang, and R. Müller. 2017.
“Horseshoe bats and Old World leaf-nosed
bats have two discrete types of pinna motions.”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141
(5): 3011–17. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4982042.
21. Feng, L., L. Gao, H. Lu, and R. Muller. 2012.
“Noseleaf Dynamics during Pulse Emission
in Horseshoe Bats.” PLoS One 7 (5): e34685.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034685.
22. Ahmed, F., M. Waqas, B. Jawed, A. Manzoor
Soomro, S. Kumar, A. Hina, U. Khan, et al. 2022.
“Decade of bio-inspired soft robots: A review.”
Smart Materials and Structures. https://doi.
org/10.1088/1361-665X/ac6e15.
23. Husbands, P., Y. Shim, M. Garvie, A. Dewar,
N. Domcsek, P. Graham, J. Knight, T. Nowotny,
and A. Philippides. 2021. “Recent advances in
evolutionary and bio-inspired adaptive robotics:
Exploiting embodied dynamics.” Applied Intel-
ligence 51 (9): 6467–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10489-021-02275-9.
24. Wang, J., S. Lin, and A. Liu. 2023. “Bioin-
spired perception and navigation of service
robots in indoor environments: a review.”
Biomimetics. https://doi.org/10.3390/
biomimetics8040350.
25. Ha, S. A., and G. Lu. 2020. “A review of
recent research on bio-inspired structures and
materials for energy absorption applications.”
Composites Part B: Engineering. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107496.
26. Jiang, Z., Y. Ma, and Y. Xiong. October
2023. “Bio-inspired generative design for engi-
neering products: A case study for flapping
wing shape exploration.” Advanced Engineering
Informatics 58:102240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
aei.2023.102240.
27. Budholiya, S., A. Bhat, S. A. Raj, M. T.
Hameed Sultan, A. U. Md Shah, and A. A. Basri.
2021. “State of the art review about bio-inspired
design and applications: An aerospace perspec-
tive.” Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/
app11115054.
NDT TUTORIAL
|
BIOINSPIREDNDE
32
M AT E R I A L S E V A L U AT I O N • A P R I L 2 0 2 5
tive NDT/E methods with applications
in industries such as infrastructure,
aerospace, and environmental moni-
toring. Applications in hard-to-access
inspection areas, advanced processes
for detecting undetectable discontinu-
ities, data management with reduced
dimensionality and size, and increased
autonomy are just a few areas where
bioinspiration can significantly impact
NDT/E technologies.
AUTHOR
Ehsan Dehghan-Niri: Intelligent Structures
and Non-destructive Evaluation laboratory, The
School of Manufacturing Systems and Networks,
Arizona State University nde@asu.edu
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Our bioinspired NDT research was supported
by the US National Science Foundation CAREER
Award under Grant No. 2320815. We would like
to extend our sincere appreciation to the Duke
Lemur Center (DLC) for their support through
the DBI-SABI award (Grant No. 2314898).
Additionally, we express our gratitude to the
dedicated research team at DLC, including
Dr. Erin Ehmke, Ms. Julie McKinney, Ms. Gabbi
Hirschkorn, and Ms. Alexis Sharp, for their
invaluable assistance in setting up this noninva-
sive behavioral study.
Although it is uncommon to acknowledge
animals in scientific publications, I would like to
take this opportunity to recognize two specific
aye-ayes from the DLC, Merlin and Medusa.
While I never had the chance to meet Merlin,
an article written by Dr. Erin Ehmke about him,
following his passing, sparked my interest in
bioinspired NDT. Merlin contributed to several
research projects at DLC, and even after his
death, his CT scan helped us better understand
the external auditory system of aye-ayes and
its impact on acoustic field measurements.
Medusa, a younger aye-aye at DLC, recently
assisted our team in collecting thermal images
of the tapping process, and we are grateful for
her contribution to our research.
CITATION
Materials Evaluation 83 (4): 28-33
https://doi.org/10.32548/2025.me-04490
©2025 American Society for Nondestructive
Testing
REFERENCES
1. Yang, Y., C. Ai, W. Chen, J. Zhen, X. Kong,
and Y. Jiang. 2023. “Recent advances in sources
of bio-inspiration and materials for robotics
and actuators.” Small Methods. https://doi.
org/10.1002/smtd.202300338.
2. Thewissen, J. G. M., and S. Nummela (eds.).
2008. Sensory evolution on the Threshold.
University of California Press.
3. Munoz, N. E., and D. T. Blumstein. January
2020. “Optimal multisensory integration.”
Behavioral Ecology 31 (1): 184–93. https://doi.
org/10.1093/beheco/arz175.
4. Mishra, S., Z. Yılmaz-Serçinoglu, ˘ H. Moradi,
D. Bhatt, C. I Kuru, and F. Ulucan-Karnak.
2023. “Recent advances in bioinspired sustain-
able sensing technologies.” Nano-Structures
&Nano-Objects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
nanoso.2023.100974.
5. Tang, W., Q. Yang, H. Xu, Y. Guo, J. Zhang, C.
Ouyang, L. Meng, and X. Liu. 2024. “Review of
bio-inspired image sensors for efficient machine
vision.” Advanced Photonics 6 (2). https://doi.
org/10.1117/1.AP.6.2.024001.
6. Zhao, Z., Q. Yang, R. Li, J. Yang, Q. Liu, B.
Zhu, C. Weng, et al. 2024. “A comprehen-
sive review on the evolution of bio-inspired
sensors from aquatic creatures.” Cell Reports
Physical Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
xcrp.2024.102064.
7. Lenk, C., K. Ved, S. Durstewitz, T. Ivanov,
M. Ziegler, and P. Hövel. 2024. “Bio-inspired,
neuromorphic acoustic sensing.” Bio-Inspired
Information Pathways: 287–315. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-3-031-36705-2_12.
8. del Valle, M. 2011. “Bioinspired sensor
systems.” Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/
s111110180.
9. Zhou, Y., Z. Yan, Y. Yang, Z. Wang, P. Lu, P.
Yuan, and B. He. 2024. “Bioinspired sensors
and applications in intelligent robots: a review.”
Robotic Intelligence and Automation. https://
doi.org/10.1108/RIA-07-2023-0088.
10. Liu, P., M. N. Huda, L. Sun, and H. Yu.
December 2020. “A survey on underactuated
robotic systems: Bio-inspiration, trajectory
planning and control.” Mechatronics 72:102443.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics
.2020.102443.
11. Ren, L., B. Li, G. Wei, K. Wang, Z. Song, Y.
Wei, L. Ren, and Q. Liu. 2021. “Biology and
bioinspiration of soft robotics: Actuation,
sensing, and system integration.” iScience 24 (9):
103075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103075.
12. Bergmann, J. B., D. Moatsou, U. Steiner,
and B. D. Wilts. 2022. “Bio-inspired materials
to control and minimise insect attachment.”
Bioinspiration &Biomimetics. https://doi.
org/10.1088/1748-3190/ac91b9.
13. Raibert, M., K. Blankespoor, G. Nelson, and
R. Playter. 2008. “BigDog, the rough-terrain
quadruped robot.” In Proceedings of the 17th
World Congress: 10822–10825.
14. Halder, S., K. Afsari, E. Chiou, R. Patrick,
and K. A. Hamed. April 2023. “Construction
inspection &monitoring with quadruped robots
in future human-robot teaming: A preliminary
study.” Journal of Building Engineering 65:105814.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105814.
15. Lopez-Arreguin, A. J. R., and S. Montenegro.
2020. “Towards bio-inspired robots for under-
ground and surface exploration in planetary
environments: An overview and novel devel-
opments inspired in sand-swimmers,” Heliyon.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04148.
16. Sun, J. Y., Y. W. Yan, F. D. Li, and Z. J. Zhang.
December 2021. “Generative design of bioin-
spired wings based on deployable hindwings
of Anomala Corpulenta Motschulsky.” Micron
(Oxford, England) 151:103150. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.micron.2021.103150.
17. Prakash, A., A. R. Nair, H. Arunav, R. P. R.,
V. M. Akhil, C. Tawk, and K. V. Shankar. 2024.
“Bioinspiration and biomimetics in marine
robotics: a review on current applications and
future trends.” Bioinspiration &Biomimetics.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/ad3265.
18. Youssef, S. M., M. Soliman, M. A. Saleh, M.
A. Mousa, M. Elsamanty, and A. G. Radwan.
2022. “Underwater soft robotics: a review of
bioinspiration in design, actuation, modeling,
and control.” Micromachines. https://doi.
org/10.3390/mi13010110.
19. Balakrishnan, S. 2010. “An numerical elastic
model for deforming bat pinnae.” Thesis.
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1936.8163.
20. Yin, X., P. Qiu, L. Yang, and R. Müller. 2017.
“Horseshoe bats and Old World leaf-nosed
bats have two discrete types of pinna motions.”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141
(5): 3011–17. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4982042.
21. Feng, L., L. Gao, H. Lu, and R. Muller. 2012.
“Noseleaf Dynamics during Pulse Emission
in Horseshoe Bats.” PLoS One 7 (5): e34685.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034685.
22. Ahmed, F., M. Waqas, B. Jawed, A. Manzoor
Soomro, S. Kumar, A. Hina, U. Khan, et al. 2022.
“Decade of bio-inspired soft robots: A review.”
Smart Materials and Structures. https://doi.
org/10.1088/1361-665X/ac6e15.
23. Husbands, P., Y. Shim, M. Garvie, A. Dewar,
N. Domcsek, P. Graham, J. Knight, T. Nowotny,
and A. Philippides. 2021. “Recent advances in
evolutionary and bio-inspired adaptive robotics:
Exploiting embodied dynamics.” Applied Intel-
ligence 51 (9): 6467–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s10489-021-02275-9.
24. Wang, J., S. Lin, and A. Liu. 2023. “Bioin-
spired perception and navigation of service
robots in indoor environments: a review.”
Biomimetics. https://doi.org/10.3390/
biomimetics8040350.
25. Ha, S. A., and G. Lu. 2020. “A review of
recent research on bio-inspired structures and
materials for energy absorption applications.”
Composites Part B: Engineering. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107496.
26. Jiang, Z., Y. Ma, and Y. Xiong. October
2023. “Bio-inspired generative design for engi-
neering products: A case study for flapping
wing shape exploration.” Advanced Engineering
Informatics 58:102240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
aei.2023.102240.
27. Budholiya, S., A. Bhat, S. A. Raj, M. T.
Hameed Sultan, A. U. Md Shah, and A. A. Basri.
2021. “State of the art review about bio-inspired
design and applications: An aerospace perspec-
tive.” Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/
app11115054.
NDT TUTORIAL
|
BIOINSPIREDNDE
32
M AT E R I A L S E V A L U AT I O N • A P R I L 2 0 2 5