FDM 3D printer Optical monitoring
Edge
AE DAQ Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring
Fog
Watchdog Cloud printer
control client
Printer controller
1
2
LAN
WiFi
Nozzle
Waveguide
AE sensor
Camera
AE sensor
Figure 1. (a) Overview of the digital-thread system used in this study (b) NDE sensor configuration showing the acoustic emission (AE) sensor,
waveguide, nozzle assembly, and front-mounted optical camera.
TA B L E 1
3D printer settings used in the study
Printer characteristics Printer settings
Printer type Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
Build volume 220 220 250 mm
Print head Single
XY axis accuracy 0.1 mm
Print speed 180 mm/s
Nozzle diameter 0.4 mm
Consumables 1.75 mm polylactic acid (PLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Layer resolution 0.1–0.4 mm
J U LY 2 0 2 6 • M AT E R I A L S E V A L U AT I O N 35
Edge
AE DAQ Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring
Fog
Watchdog Cloud printer
control client
Printer controller
1
2
LAN
WiFi
Nozzle
Waveguide
AE sensor
Camera
AE sensor
Figure 1. (a) Overview of the digital-thread system used in this study (b) NDE sensor configuration showing the acoustic emission (AE) sensor,
waveguide, nozzle assembly, and front-mounted optical camera.
TA B L E 1
3D printer settings used in the study
Printer characteristics Printer settings
Printer type Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
Build volume 220 220 250 mm
Print head Single
XY axis accuracy 0.1 mm
Print speed 180 mm/s
Nozzle diameter 0.4 mm
Consumables 1.75 mm polylactic acid (PLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
Layer resolution 0.1–0.4 mm
J U LY 2 0 2 6 • M AT E R I A L S E V A L U AT I O N 35
