possible indications is hampered by sensor-to-axle
distances. In conclusion, the need remains for novel
NDE methods for full axle inspection that can be
applied to moving trains.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was performed by MxV Rail, a wholly owned
subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads (AAR),
under the AAR Strategic Research Initiative (SRI) program.
The author would like to thank the member railroads and
AAR rolling stock TAG for their support and guidance.
AUTHOR
Anish Poudel, PhD: MxV Rail, Research and Development,
350 Keeler Parkway, Pueblo, CO 81001 1-719-696-1848
anish_poudel@aar.com
CITATION
Materials Evaluation 82 (1): 26-38
https://doi.org/10.32548/2024.me-04378
©2024 American Society for Nondestructive Testing
REFERENCES
AAR. 2022. Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices.
Section G. Wheels and Axles. Association of American Rail-
roads. Washington, DC.
AAR SRI. 2019. Automated Cracked Axle Detection System
(ACADs) Performance Requirements and System Expectations.
AAR SRI Program – SRI 6A. Railway Technology Working
Committee (RTWC) Fall Meeting. Pueblo, CO.
FRA. 2020. “Experimental Results of RAWCAD Static Test.”
RR 20–07. US Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad
Administration.
Gauna, I., A. Álvarez, N. Thorpe, R. Delgado de Molina, J. C.
Guerro, M. J. Sánchez, P. Flórez, D. Flórez, M. Acebes. 2018.
“Inspection System for Automatically Detecting Defects in
Train Axles.” Proceedings of the 12th ECNDT. Gothenburg,
Sweden.
Hannemann, R., P. Köster, and M. Sander. 2019. “Fatigue
Crack Growth in Wheelset Axles Under Bending and Torsional
Loading.” International Journal of Fatigue 118:262–70. https://
doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.07.038.
Hoddinott, D. S. 2004. “Railway Axle Failure Investigations
and Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring of an Axle.” Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part F, Journal of
Rail and Rapid Transit 218 (4): 283–92. doi:10.1243/09544090
43125897.
Kwon, S. J., and T. Shoji. 2004. “Crack Detection in Press-Fit
Railway Axle Using Induced Current Focusing Potential
Drop Technique.” Key Engineering Materials 270-273:1002–
07. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.
net/KEM.270-273.1002.
Liaptsis, D., I. Cooper, K. Boyle, and P. I. Nicholson. 2011.
“The Application of Phased Array Ultrasonic Techniques for
Inspection of Railway Axles from Their End Face.” AIP Conf.
Proc. 1335: 1440–1447. doi:10.1063/1.3592101.
Lonsdale, C., and D. Stone. 2004. “North American Axle
Failure Experience.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechan-
ical Engineers. Part F, Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 218
(4): 293–98. doi:10.1243/0954409043125941.
Lugg, M. 2011. “Applications of ACFM for Weld Inspection by
ROV.” Singapore International NDT Conference &Exhibition.
3–4 November. Singapore.
Lugg, M., and D. A. Topp. 2006. “Recent Developments and
Applications of the ACFM Inspection Method and ACSM
Stress Measurement Method.” ECNDT 2006. Berlin, Germany.
Lugg, M., and M. Smith. 2018. “Alternating Current Field
Measurement Testing.” Materials Evaluation 76:38–47.
Maass, M., W. A. Karl Deutsch, F. Bartholomai, and B. P.
Löhden. 2014. “Magnetic Particle Inspection on Train Compo-
nents.” ECNDT 2014. Prague, Czech Republic.
Marty, P. N., G. Engl, G., S. Krafft, and U. Bartel. 2012. “Latest
Development in the UT inspection of Train Wheels and
Axles.” WCNDT 2012. Durban, South Africa.
Morgan, R., K. Gonzales, E. Smith, and B. Smith. 2006.
“Remotely Detecting Cracks in Moving Freight Railcar
Axles.” Final Report. Safety IDEA Project 08, Transportation
Research Board.
Poudel, A., and M. Witte. 2018. “Automated Cracked Axle
Detection Using Resonance Testing.” Technology Digests,
TD18–TD008.
Poudel, A., and M. Witte. 2020. “Flash Infrared Thermography
for In-Motion Cracked Axle Detection.” Technology Digest,
TD20–TD003.
Rudlin, J., A. Raude, U. Völz, and A. Loconte. 2012. “New
Methods of Rail Axle Inspection.” WCNDT 2012. Durban,
South Africa.
Tian, G. Y., A. Sophian, D. Taylor, and J. Rudlin. 2005.
“Multiple Sensors on Pulsed Eddy-Current Detection for 3-D
Subsurface Crack Assessment.” IEEE Sensors Journal 5 (1):
90–96. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2004.839129.
TSB. 2001. “Railway Investigation Report R01Q0010: Main
Track Train Derailment: Canadian National Railway Freight
Train No. G-894-31-14 Mile 12.56, Drummondville Subdivi-
sion, Trudel, Quebec, 15 February 2001.” The Transportation
Safety Board of Canada.
TSB. 2004. “Railway Investigation Report R04V0173: Main
Track Train Derailment: Canadian Pacific Railway Freight
Train No. 823 957 Mile 41.30, CN Yale Subdivision, Floods,
British Columbia, 24 October 2004.” The Transportation
Safety Board of Canada.
TSB. 2007. “Railway Investigation Report R07T0240: Main
Track Train Derailment: Canadian Pacific Railway Freight
Train No. 230-25 Mile 42.80, Belleville Subdivision, Tich-
borne, Ontario, 25 August 2007.” The Transportation Safety
Board of Canada.
TSB. 2018. “Railway Transportation Safety Investigation
Report R18E0138: Main Track Train Derailment: Canadian
National Railway Company, Freight Train G83342-24, Mile
24.30, Wainwright Subdivision, Landis, Saskatchewan, 26
September 2018.” The Transportation Safety Board of Canada.
TSB. 2019. “Railway Transportation Safety Investigation
Report R18V0016: Main-Track Train Derailment: Canadian
National Railway Company Freight train C76751-17 Mile 49.07,
Bulkley Subdivision, New Hazelton, British Columbia, 19
January 2018.” The Transportation Safety Board of Canada.
Verhelst, W. 2008. “Development of Compensated Resonance
Inspection Prototype for Wheelsets.” WIDEN. Project no.
TST-CT-2005-516196. European Union.
Witte, M., and A. Poudel. 2016. “Investigating the Use of
Digital Image Correlation for Cracked Axle Detection.” Tech-
nology Digest, TD16–TD031.
Zerbst, U., S. Beretta, G. Köhler, A. Lawton, M. Vormwald,
H. Th. Beier, C. Klinger, et al. 2013. “Safe Life and Damage
Tolerance Aspects of Railway Axles – A Review.” Engineering
Fracture Mechanics 98:214–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
engfracmech.2012.09.029.
FEATURE
|
RAILROADS
38
M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • J A N U A R Y 2 0 2 4
2401 ME January.indd 38 12/20/23 8:01 AM
distances. In conclusion, the need remains for novel
NDE methods for full axle inspection that can be
applied to moving trains.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was performed by MxV Rail, a wholly owned
subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads (AAR),
under the AAR Strategic Research Initiative (SRI) program.
The author would like to thank the member railroads and
AAR rolling stock TAG for their support and guidance.
AUTHOR
Anish Poudel, PhD: MxV Rail, Research and Development,
350 Keeler Parkway, Pueblo, CO 81001 1-719-696-1848
anish_poudel@aar.com
CITATION
Materials Evaluation 82 (1): 26-38
https://doi.org/10.32548/2024.me-04378
©2024 American Society for Nondestructive Testing
REFERENCES
AAR. 2022. Manual of Standards and Recommended Practices.
Section G. Wheels and Axles. Association of American Rail-
roads. Washington, DC.
AAR SRI. 2019. Automated Cracked Axle Detection System
(ACADs) Performance Requirements and System Expectations.
AAR SRI Program – SRI 6A. Railway Technology Working
Committee (RTWC) Fall Meeting. Pueblo, CO.
FRA. 2020. “Experimental Results of RAWCAD Static Test.”
RR 20–07. US Department of Transportation, Federal Railroad
Administration.
Gauna, I., A. Álvarez, N. Thorpe, R. Delgado de Molina, J. C.
Guerro, M. J. Sánchez, P. Flórez, D. Flórez, M. Acebes. 2018.
“Inspection System for Automatically Detecting Defects in
Train Axles.” Proceedings of the 12th ECNDT. Gothenburg,
Sweden.
Hannemann, R., P. Köster, and M. Sander. 2019. “Fatigue
Crack Growth in Wheelset Axles Under Bending and Torsional
Loading.” International Journal of Fatigue 118:262–70. https://
doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.07.038.
Hoddinott, D. S. 2004. “Railway Axle Failure Investigations
and Fatigue Crack Growth Monitoring of an Axle.” Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part F, Journal of
Rail and Rapid Transit 218 (4): 283–92. doi:10.1243/09544090
43125897.
Kwon, S. J., and T. Shoji. 2004. “Crack Detection in Press-Fit
Railway Axle Using Induced Current Focusing Potential
Drop Technique.” Key Engineering Materials 270-273:1002–
07. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.
net/KEM.270-273.1002.
Liaptsis, D., I. Cooper, K. Boyle, and P. I. Nicholson. 2011.
“The Application of Phased Array Ultrasonic Techniques for
Inspection of Railway Axles from Their End Face.” AIP Conf.
Proc. 1335: 1440–1447. doi:10.1063/1.3592101.
Lonsdale, C., and D. Stone. 2004. “North American Axle
Failure Experience.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechan-
ical Engineers. Part F, Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 218
(4): 293–98. doi:10.1243/0954409043125941.
Lugg, M. 2011. “Applications of ACFM for Weld Inspection by
ROV.” Singapore International NDT Conference &Exhibition.
3–4 November. Singapore.
Lugg, M., and D. A. Topp. 2006. “Recent Developments and
Applications of the ACFM Inspection Method and ACSM
Stress Measurement Method.” ECNDT 2006. Berlin, Germany.
Lugg, M., and M. Smith. 2018. “Alternating Current Field
Measurement Testing.” Materials Evaluation 76:38–47.
Maass, M., W. A. Karl Deutsch, F. Bartholomai, and B. P.
Löhden. 2014. “Magnetic Particle Inspection on Train Compo-
nents.” ECNDT 2014. Prague, Czech Republic.
Marty, P. N., G. Engl, G., S. Krafft, and U. Bartel. 2012. “Latest
Development in the UT inspection of Train Wheels and
Axles.” WCNDT 2012. Durban, South Africa.
Morgan, R., K. Gonzales, E. Smith, and B. Smith. 2006.
“Remotely Detecting Cracks in Moving Freight Railcar
Axles.” Final Report. Safety IDEA Project 08, Transportation
Research Board.
Poudel, A., and M. Witte. 2018. “Automated Cracked Axle
Detection Using Resonance Testing.” Technology Digests,
TD18–TD008.
Poudel, A., and M. Witte. 2020. “Flash Infrared Thermography
for In-Motion Cracked Axle Detection.” Technology Digest,
TD20–TD003.
Rudlin, J., A. Raude, U. Völz, and A. Loconte. 2012. “New
Methods of Rail Axle Inspection.” WCNDT 2012. Durban,
South Africa.
Tian, G. Y., A. Sophian, D. Taylor, and J. Rudlin. 2005.
“Multiple Sensors on Pulsed Eddy-Current Detection for 3-D
Subsurface Crack Assessment.” IEEE Sensors Journal 5 (1):
90–96. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2004.839129.
TSB. 2001. “Railway Investigation Report R01Q0010: Main
Track Train Derailment: Canadian National Railway Freight
Train No. G-894-31-14 Mile 12.56, Drummondville Subdivi-
sion, Trudel, Quebec, 15 February 2001.” The Transportation
Safety Board of Canada.
TSB. 2004. “Railway Investigation Report R04V0173: Main
Track Train Derailment: Canadian Pacific Railway Freight
Train No. 823 957 Mile 41.30, CN Yale Subdivision, Floods,
British Columbia, 24 October 2004.” The Transportation
Safety Board of Canada.
TSB. 2007. “Railway Investigation Report R07T0240: Main
Track Train Derailment: Canadian Pacific Railway Freight
Train No. 230-25 Mile 42.80, Belleville Subdivision, Tich-
borne, Ontario, 25 August 2007.” The Transportation Safety
Board of Canada.
TSB. 2018. “Railway Transportation Safety Investigation
Report R18E0138: Main Track Train Derailment: Canadian
National Railway Company, Freight Train G83342-24, Mile
24.30, Wainwright Subdivision, Landis, Saskatchewan, 26
September 2018.” The Transportation Safety Board of Canada.
TSB. 2019. “Railway Transportation Safety Investigation
Report R18V0016: Main-Track Train Derailment: Canadian
National Railway Company Freight train C76751-17 Mile 49.07,
Bulkley Subdivision, New Hazelton, British Columbia, 19
January 2018.” The Transportation Safety Board of Canada.
Verhelst, W. 2008. “Development of Compensated Resonance
Inspection Prototype for Wheelsets.” WIDEN. Project no.
TST-CT-2005-516196. European Union.
Witte, M., and A. Poudel. 2016. “Investigating the Use of
Digital Image Correlation for Cracked Axle Detection.” Tech-
nology Digest, TD16–TD031.
Zerbst, U., S. Beretta, G. Köhler, A. Lawton, M. Vormwald,
H. Th. Beier, C. Klinger, et al. 2013. “Safe Life and Damage
Tolerance Aspects of Railway Axles – A Review.” Engineering
Fracture Mechanics 98:214–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
engfracmech.2012.09.029.
FEATURE
|
RAILROADS
38
M A T E R I A L S E V A L U A T I O N • J A N U A R Y 2 0 2 4
2401 ME January.indd 38 12/20/23 8:01 AM
